The geomagnetic field was quiet to unsettled on January 5 due to weak CME effects. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 319 and 440 km/sec. The high latitude magnetometer at Andenes recorded quiet to minor storm levels.
Solar flux density measured at 20h UT on 2.8 GHz was 154.3 - increasing 5.2 over the previous solar rotation. (Centered 1 year average SF at 1 AU - 183 days ago: 125.21). The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 7 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 7.1). Three hour interval K indices: 01113323 (planetary), 01123221 (Boulder), 01102454 (Andenes).
The background x-ray flux is at the class C1 level (GOES 16).
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 12 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 274) and in 9 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 168) SDO/HMI images.
Region 13176 [N18W74] decayed further and was
mostly quiet. C1 flares: C1.3 @ 12:54 UT
Region 13177 [S18W34] decayed further and was mostly quiet.
Region 13181 [S18E18] developed early in the the day, then decayed
slowly.
New region 13182 [S17E72] rotated into view on January 4 and was
numbered the next day by SWPC. The region may have a magnetic delta in a
southern penumbra. That location appeared to be the source of an X1.2 flare
at 00:57 UT on January 6. Further major flares are possible. C1 flares: C1.4
@ 01:42, C1.8 @ 15:51, C1.7 @ 19:15, C1.4 @ 21:45 UT
New region 13183 [S17W08] was observed with tiny spots on January 3,
then developed quickly on January 5 and was numbered by SWPC. C and minor M
class flares are possible.
Spotted regions not observed (or interpreted
differently) by SWPC:
S8133 [N17W10] decayed slowly and was mostly
quiet.
S8135 [N21W08] decayed slowly and quietly.
S8137 [S26W20] decayed slowly and quietly.
S8153 [S10E13] was quiet and stable.
New region S8155 [S22E22] emerged southeast of AR 13181 and produced
a few flares.
New region S8156 [S27W70] emerged with a tiny spot.
New region S8157 [S02E40] emerged with a tiny spot.
C2+ flares:
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | Source | Recorded by | Comment |
| C2.0 | 02:37 | 13182 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 02:49 | 13182 | GOES16 | wrongly attributed to AR 13177 by SWPC | |
| C2.2 | 03:52 | 13182 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.2 | 04:23 | 13182 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.0 | 04:53 | 13182 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 05:13 | 13182 | GOES16 | ||
| C2.6 | 08:13 | S8133 | GOES16 | ||
| C6.8 | 09:14 | 13182 | GOES16 | LDE | |
| C2.1 | 22:22 | S24E22 | S8155 | GOES16 | |
| C2.4 | 22:57 | S18W07 | 13183 | GOES16 |
January 3-5: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed in available LASCO imagery.
[Coronal hole history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A northern hemisphere coronal hole is likely too far to the north to cause geomagnetic effects, it will rotate across the central meridian on January 7.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle and high latitudes is poor. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
Quiet to unsettled conditions are expected on January 6-7 becoming quiet on January 8.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejection (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole
could reach Earth within the next 5 days. When the high speed
stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48 hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image. 0.5K image
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all officially numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC, all other regions are numbered sequentially as they emerge using the STAR spot number. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers. SWPC data considered to be not sufficiently precise (location, area, classification) are colored red.
| Active region | SWPC date numbered STAR detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC/ USAF |
Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 13176 | 2022.12.25 2022.12.26 |
1 | 5 | 1 | N19W71 | 0030 | HSX | CSO |
 |
 |
location: N18W74 area: 0050 |
| 13177 | 2022.12.27 2022.12.28 |
10 | 24 | 11 | S18W36 | 0090 | CAO | CAO |
 |
 |
|
| S8133 | 2022.12.29 | 25 | 13 | N17W10 | 0170 | DSO |
 |
 |
|||
| 13180 | 2022.12.30 | 11 | N19W10 | 0180 | CSO | SWPC consider AR S8133 and S8135 to be one region | |||||
| S8135 | 2022.12.30 | 7 | 2 | N21W08 | 0150 | CSO |
 |
 |
|||
| S8137 | 2022.12.30 | 3 | S26W20 | 0005 | AXX |
 |
 |
||||
| 13181 | 2022.12.31 2023.01.01 |
12 | 24 | 12 | S18E18 | 0080 | DAO | DAO |
 |
 |
area: 0130 |
| S8140 | 2022.12.31 | N28W35 | |||||||||
| S8142 | 2023.01.01 | N14W55 | |||||||||
| S8143 | 2023.01.01 | N21W28 | |||||||||
| S8144 | 2023.01.01 | N27W57 | |||||||||
| S8146 | 2023.01.02 | S13W01 | |||||||||
| S8149 | 2023.01.03 | N33W11 | |||||||||
| S8150 | 2023.01.03 | N14E06 | |||||||||
| 13183 | 2023.01.03 2023.01.05 |
5 | 26 | 17 | S17W08 | 0030 | CRO | DAI |
 |
 |
area: 0140 |
| S8153 | 2023.01.04 | 2 | 1 | S10E13 | 0003 | BXO |
 |
 |
|||
| 13182 | 2023.01.04 2023.01.05 |
4 | 21 | 13 | S17E72 | 0280 | DKI | EKI |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta? area: 0530 |
| S8155 | 2023.01.05 | 15 | 8 | S22E22 | 0050 | DRO |
 |
||||
| S8156 | 2023.01.05 | 1 | S27W70 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| S8157 | 2023.01.05 | 1 | S02E40 | 0001 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 43 | 154 | 78 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 103 | 274 | 168 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 76 | 197 | 121 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 113 | 143 | 134 | ||||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (SC24 peak) | 110.5 | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2017.09 | 91.3 | 92.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 (-1.3) | 18.22 (cycle peak) |
| 2019.11 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 (-0.6) (Solar minimum using 365d smoothing: November 17, 2019) |
4.19 |
| 2019.12 | 70.8 | 68.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 (-0.2) (ISN 13 months smoothed solar minimum) |
3.22 |
| 2021.06 | 79.4 | 81.8 | 25.0 | 27.6 (+1.8) | 5.52 |
| 2021.07 | 81.0 | 83.6 | 34.3 | 31.4 (+3.8) | 5.51 |
| 2021.08 | 77.7 | 79.7 | 22.0 | 35.4 (+4.0) | 6.19 |
| 2021.09 | 87.0 | 88.2 | 51.3 | 40.2 (+4.8) | 6.33 |
| 2021.10 | 88.9 | 88.3 | 37.4 | 45.2 (+5.0) | 7.38 |
| 2021.11 | 86.2 | 84.4 | 34.8 | 50.8 (+5.6) | 9.83 |
| 2021.12 | 103.0 | 99.8 | 67.5 | 55.9 (+5.1) | 6.40 |
| 2022.01 | 103.8 | 100.5 | 55.3 | 60.1 (+4.2) | 8.92 |
| 2022.02 | 109.1 | 106.5 | 60.9 | 64.7 (+4.6) | 10.46 |
| 2022.03 | 117.0 | 115.8 | 78.6 | 68.7 (+4.0) | 10.20 |
| 2022.04 | 130.8 | 131.7 | 84.0 | 73.0 (+4.3) | 11.79 |
| 2022.05 | 133.8 | 136.8 | 96.5 | 77.2 (+4.2) | 7.48 |
| 2022.06 | 116.1 | 119.8 | 70.3 | 80.9 (+3.7) | 8.20 |
| 2022.07 | 125.4 | 129.5 | 91.4 | (86.0 projected, +5.1) | 9.51 |
| 2022.08 | 114.2 | 117.1 | 74.6 | (91.4 projected, +5.4) | 10.92 |
| 2022.09 | 135.1 | 136.5 | 96.0 | (96.3 projected, +4.9) | 12.18 |
| 2022.10 | 133.5 | 132.7 | 95.4 | (99.5 projected, +3.2) | 11.16 |
| 2022.11 | 123.4 | 120.7 | 77.6 | (102.3 projected, +2.8) | 9.33 |
| 2022.12 | 147.9 | 143.4 | 113.1 | (107.1 projected, +4.8) | 11.2 |
| 2023.01 | 150.6 (1) | 15.0 (2A) / 93.2 (2B) / 137.9 (2C) | (113.1 projected, +6.0) | (10.4) | |
| 2023.02 | (118.2 projected, +5.1) | ||||
| 2023.03 | (121.3 projected, +3.1) | ||||
| 2023.04 | (126.7 projected, +5.4) | ||||
| 2023.05 | (132.5 projected, +5.8) | ||||
| 2023.06 | (135.7 projected, +3.2) | ||||
| 2023.11 | (142.5 projected max SC25) | ||||
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at 2800 MHz
and any corrections applied to that measurement.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder (NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B) Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap indices. Values in red
are based on the definitive international
GFZ Potsdam WDC ap indices.
4) Source: SIDC-SILSO.
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
